14 Learner-centered psychological principle
- · Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors
1.Nature of learning process
-The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.
2.Goals of the learning process
-successful learner, overtime and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.
3.Construction of knowledge
-the successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
4.Strategic thinking
-The successful learner can create and use repeater of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.
5.Thinking about thinking
-higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.
6.Context of Learning
-Learning is influenced by environmental factors including culture, technology and instructional practices.
- · Developmental and social Factors
1.Developmental of influences on learning
-Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account.
2.Social influences in learning
-Learning is influence by social interactions, interpersonal relations and communication with others.
3.Effect of motivation and effort
-Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice.
- · Individual Difference Factors
1.Individual differences in learning
-Learners have different strategies, approaches and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity.
2.Learning and diversity
-Learning is most effective when differences in learner’s linguistic, cultural and social backgrounds are taken into account.
- · Motivational and Effective
1.Motional and emotional influences in learning
-Motivation to learn in turn, fun is influenced by the individual’s emotional states, beliefs, interest and goals, habits of thinking.
2.Intrinsic motivation to learn
-The learner’s creativity, higher order thinking and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn.
3.Standards and assessment
-Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner’s as well as learning progress including diagnostic, process, and integral parts of the learning process.
REFLECTION:For me, Learner centered focused on individual learners - their heredity, experiences, perspectives, backgrounds, talents, interests, capacities, and needs - with a focus on leaning - the best available knowledge about learning and how it occurs and about teaching practices that are most effective in promoting the highest levels of motivation, learning, and achievement for all learners.
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